Firstly, I have not successfully completed the TryHackMe room from last week yet. Yet!
With that out of the way, this week's assignment is to make a cheat sheet for Cabling. I have already created copious flash cards in Anki (https://apps.ankiweb.net/), but going over all this again is just good practice.
MEDIA TYPES
• Copper
- UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair-Consisting of one or more insulated wire pairs encased in a plastec sheath. Cheaper than STP, and less susceptible attenuation than equivalent STP to but more susceptible to noise.
- STP: Shielded Twisted Pair-Consisting of twisted pairs of wires that are insulated and collectively shielded (and in some cases individually shielded as well). While more subject to attenuation, they are signifigantly more reliable than UTP.
- Coaxial: The cabling of my childhood-Coax is a solid core of copper surrounded by insulation, shielding and a sheath. Your TV propably has jack on the back to accept Coax.
• Fiber: As fast as the speed of light-Fiber is used for applications where speed is key. Fiber also has very good distance per segment. It consists of a glass or plastic core. The core is surrounded by a layer of glass or plastic called cladding. Cladding reflects light back to the core. This is wrapped in kevlar and a plastic sheath.
- Single-mode: Consists of a narrow core of 8 to 10 microns in diameter. Laser light travels in a straight line and reflects little. It is great for speed and length of transmission.
- Multimode: A larger core that Single-mode fiber, usually consisting of a core with a diameter of 50 or 62.5 microns. Many pulses of light at various angles travel through the core. Good for shorter distance applications.
• Plenum vs. PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride is trash and you should try to reduce its presence in your life. Don't believe me? Watch this: https://youtu.be/aZ2czFuIYmQ
When PVC burns, it releases hydrochloric acid as well as any other number of toxic air pollutants. Plenum grade is less bad, so they let people install it in the space above drop celings.
CONNECTOR TYPES:
• Copper
- RJ-45: The most common kind of connector for ethernet.
- RJ-11: used for old school phones. Probaly in your walls if you rent an apartment (under 3 coats of white paint).
- BNC: That weird Coaxial connector for some of my old audio gear.
- DB-9: Joystic connector on my Commodore 64.
- DB-25: Like a wider DB-9.
- F-type: The connector the cable company uses. I've got a bunch of these in a box somewhere. Someday, I'm going to be glad I kept them for all these years. Someday.
• Fiber
- LC: Local Connector. Most common connector; UPC or APC polish, 1.25 mm ferrule, Full duplex
- ST: Straight Tip. UPC polish, 2.5 mm ferrule, Not full duplex
- SC: Standard (or Subscriber) Connector; UPC or APC polish, 2.5 mm ferrule, Can be full duplex
- APC: Angle Polished Connector-reflects and signal loss in a different direction than the source signal. Not as sensitive as UPC to degradation caused by frequent unplugging and plugging.
- UPC: Ultra Polished Connector-The ends are polished to a rounded tip.
- MTRJ: Mechanical Transfer-registered jack-polish N/A, 1.25 mm ferrule, Full duplex, only used in multimode connections,
• Transceivers
- SFP: Small Form-Factor Pluggable, 1 Gbps to a possible 5 Gbps
- GBIC: Gigabit Interface Convertor-Largely deprecated large boxy version of SFP.
- SFP+: Comon; up to 16 Gbps.
- QSFP: Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable. 4 channels. Up to 40 Gbps.
- Characteristics of fiber transceivers
- Bidirectional: both directions, but one at a time per core
- Duplex: like a telephone
• Termination points
- 66 block: punchdown block for telephone
- 110 block: Cat 5 or better punchdown block
- Patch panel: Like a modular synth for networks
- Fiber distribution panel: Where fiber cables connect with one another
• Copper cable standards
- Cat 3 (Depricated) 10 Mbps, up to 15 MHz
- Cat 5 (Fast Ethernet minimum) 100 Mbps, 100 MHz
- Cat 5e (Gigabit) 1000 Mbps, 350 MHz
- Cat 6 1 Gbps or up to 10 Gbps for short distance, 250 MHz
- Cat 6a 10 Gbps, 500 MHz
- Cat 7 10 Gbps or up to 100 Gbps for short distance, 600 MHz
- RG-6 50 Ω or 75 Ω, Cable TV AWG 18
- RG-59 50 Ω or 75 Ω, Cheaper than RG-6, Greater attenuation than RG-6, acceptable for short distance
• Copper termination standards
- TIA/EIA 568a Required by the government,
T568A Pinout:
1 White/Green; Tx + ; ⥂ + | 5 White/Blue; Unused ; ⥂ -
2 Green; Tx - ; ⥂ - | 6 Orange; Rx- ; ⥂ -
3 White/Orange; Rx + ; ⥂ + | 7 White/Brown; Unused ; ⥂ +
4 Blue; Unused ; ⥂ + | 8 Brown; Unused ; ⥂ -
- TIA/EIA 568b Most common,
Pinout:
1 White/Orange; Tx + ; ⥂ + | 5 White/Blue; Unused ; ⥂ -
2 Orange; Tx - ; ⥂ - | 6 Green; Rx- ; ⥂ -
3 White/Green; Rx + ; ⥂ + | 7 White/Brown; Unused ; ⥂ +
4 Blue; Unused ; ⥂ + | 8 Brown; Unused ; ⥂ -
- Crossover: (Largely depricated)Transmit and receive wires are switched. Mostly used to hook up two computers to each other or two switches to each other.
- Straight-through: just like it sounds.
- Rollover: Typical pinout is completely reversed. Mostly used to communicate between a computer and a router itself.
• Ethernet deployment standards
- 10BaseT: Max Throughput (Mbps) 10; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 3 or better UTP; 2 pairs of wires used for transmission
- 100BaseT: Max Throughput (Mbps) 100; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 5 or better; 2 pairs of wires used for transmission
- 100BaseTX: Max Throughput (Mbps) 100; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 6 or better ; 2 pairs of wires used for transmission
- 1000BaseT: Max Throughput (Mbps) 1000; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 5 or better (Cat 5e is preferred); 4 pairs of wires used for transmission
- 10GBase-T: Max Throughput (Mbps) 10,000; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 6 or better (Cat 7 is preferred); 4 pairs of wires used for transmission
- 40GBaseT: Max Throughput (Mbps) 40,000; Max distance per segment 100, Cat 8 ; 4 pairs of wires used for transmission
Not gonna lie, that's a lot of information to cram in my brain in one week.
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